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Jesper Svenningsen studied law at Aarhus Universitet (University of Aarhus, Denmark), at the end of which he obtained the juridisk kandidateksamen in 1989.

After leaving university, he began his professional career as a trainee lawyer at Kammeradvokaten (a Copenhagen-based law firm acting as legal advisor to the Danish Government), and then became a Legal Secretary to Advocate General Claus Gulmann at the Court of Justice from 1991 to 1993. He worked again at the Kammeradvokaten law firm from 1993 to 1995, during which time he was called to the Bar in Denmark, and granted a right of audience before the Landsret (High Court, Denmark). During that time he also taught at Københavns Universitet (University of Copenhagen, Denmark) as a lecturer in EU law.

Between 1995 and 1999, he was a senior lecturer and then acting director at the European Institute of Public Administration (EIPA) in Luxembourg, except for in 1997 when he interrupted the exercise of those duties for a period in Brussels at a Danish law firm. In 1999 he joined the legal department of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) Surveillance Authority (ESA) and, in 2000, the services of the Court of Justice of the European Union as a lawyer-linguist. In addition to the latter position, in 2003 he returned to his role as aLegal Secretary to Claus Gulmann, who had become a judge at the Court of Justice. From 2006 to 2013, he was a Legal Secretary to Judge Lars Bay Larsen at the Court of Justice.

Mr Svenningsen was appointed a judge of the Civil Service Tribunal on 7 October 2013 and served on that Tribunal until its dissolution on 1 September 2016. He was appointed a judge at the General Court of the European Union on 19 September 2016 and was elected President of the Chamber by his peers on 30 September 2019.