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John A. St. Cyr, MD, PhD, a retired cardiovascular surgeon, received his B.A., M.S., M.D., and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. He completed his general surgical training at the University of Minnesota and completed his cardiovascular surgical fellowship training at the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center in Denver, CO. Dr. St.Cyr has extensive research credentials, is widely published, has received numerous research grants, has numerous patents in various fields of interest, and has presented at many medical/surgical conferences/meetings. Dr. St. Cyr has consulted for many medical companies, such as a surgical/medical consultant for Medtronic, Inc. (Physiological Research Laboratories, a facility of Medtronic, Inc., Minneapolis, MN), a medical/surgical consultant for NAMSA, Inc (Minneapolis, MN), Chief Medical Officer for RCRI, Inc. (Minneapolis, MN), and ImmuMed, Inc. (Minneapolis, MN). Dr. St. Cyr is a member of numerous scientific research, medical, and surgical societies.