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Xavier Musca began his career at the General Inspectorate of Finance in 1985. In 1989, he joined the Treasury Department, where he became head of the European affairs office in 1990. In 1993, he was called to the Prime Minister's office , Édouard Balladur, as technical advisor, then returned to the Treasury Department in 1995, successively as Head of the Financial Markets Office then Deputy Director for Europe - Monetary and International Affairs in 1996 and Head of the State Financing Department and of the economy from 2000.

Between 2002 and 2004, he was Chief of Staff to Francis Mer, Minister of the Economy, Finance and Industry. In 2004, he became Director of the Treasury. In this capacity, he chairs the Paris Club and the Economic and Financial Committee of the European Union, which brings together the directors of the European Treasury.

He left the Treasury Department on February 26, 2009, to become Deputy Secretary General of the Presidency of the French Republic, in charge of Economic Affairs. On February 27, 2011, he became Secretary General of the Presidency of the French Republic.

Xavier Musca is a laureate of the Institute of Political Studies of Paris (Sciences Po) and of the National School of Administration (Leonardo da Vinci promotion - 1983/1985).